Embarazos en Adolescentes
Entre 25 y 108 de cada 1,000 adolescentes y jóvenes —de entre 15 y 19 años— son madres en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. En Centroamérica, nacen cada año, entre 99 y 139 niños por 1,000 mujeres de 15 a 19 años de edad, a excepción de Costa Rica. Cerca de dos terceras partes de las mujeres de 15 a 19 años de edad, probablemente tendrán un hijo antes de llegar a los 20 años de edad.
A nivel latinoamericano, Nicaragua es el país con mayor proporción de embarazos en adolescentes. El 24.4% de los embarazos son de adolescentes, es decir, 92 de cada 1,000 mujeres adolescentes (entre 15 y 19 años) son madres.
Gráfico: Países de América Latina con un 20 por ciento o más de las mujeres entre 20 a 24 años que informaron un nacimiento antes de cumplir 18 años
Fuente: UNPHA 2016
La mayoría de las adolescentes embarazadas son pobres, con poca o nula educación y menos oportunidades de terminarla; y madres solteras, sin pareja. Por tanto, es un problema que afecta y amenaza el avance en las Metas del Milenio relativas a reducción de la pobreza, expansión de la educación y mejoras en la salud materno-infantil.
Datos de ENDESA 2011-2012 señalan que la edad promedio en que las mujeres inician sus relaciones sexuales es de 16.8 años. En la zona urbana es de 17.9 y la rural 16.6.
Según estadísticas del MINSA, entre el 2000 y 2009 se pasó de 1,066 nacimientos en niñas de 10 a 14 años, a 1,577, que representa el 47.9 por ciento del total de niñas en esa edad.
El número de nacimientos en madres de 10 a 14 años se ha incrementado en la última década en un 47.9 por ciento, según datos de 18 SILAIS, mientras el 25.0 por ciento de todos los nacimientos en Nicaragua viene de madres adolescentes de 15 a 19 años.
Toda niña o adolescente embarazada (menor de 14 años), ha sido violada. Nuestro marco jurídico establece como delito que una persona adulta tenga relaciones sexuales con una niña o adolescente menor de 14 años.
Una niña o adolescente que queda embarazada producto de una violación no debe ser obligada a llevar a término ese embarazo, que además de poner en riesgo su vida, le provoca dolor y sufrimiento emocional, cortándole la posibilidad de disfrutar de esa etapa de su vida y de desarrollarse normalmente.
Las adolescentes entre 15 y 19 años de edad, tienen el doble de probabilidad de morir a causas de complicaciones durante el embarazo, que las mujeres entre los 20 y 24 años de edad. Las menores de 15 años de edad tienen un riesgo 4 veces mayor
Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia
- Mayores riesgos para la salud de la madre
- Mayores riesgos para la salud de las hijas e hijos y su desarrollo futuro
- Menor nivel educacional de las madres, las que tienen menos oportunidades de desarrollo personal y laboral
- Ingreso o permanencia en la pobreza.
¿Cómo prevenir embarazos no deseados?
Las y los jóvenes necesitan y tienen derecho a:
- Educación sexual
- Información sobre métodos anticonceptivos
- Acceso a métodos anticonceptivos
- Acceso a servicios de salud
- Relaciones de equidad en género
- Prevención en violencia sexual.
Qué pueden hacer las y los jóvenes para evitar los embarazos no deseados?
- Decidir en forma libre, responsable e informada sobre su vida sexual y reproductiva.
- Postergar el inicio de las relaciones sexuales hasta que sientan que ha llegado el momento adecuado, sin aceptar presiones ajenas.
- Usar métodos anticonceptivos cuando decidan tener relaciones.
El embarazo y la maternidad en la adolescencia son fenómenos que afectan la salud sexual, la salud reproductiva y el bienestar de las mujeres jóvenes, sus familias y comunidades, así como al desarrollo de un país, dados los múltiples efectos en los campos de la salud física, psicosocial y en los campos políticos, económicos y sociales que interfieren no solo en la calidad de vida y salud de los y las adolescentes y sus familias, sino también al colectivo en general.
La Maternidad temprana en Nicaragua y más en las zonas rurales de Nicaragua es aceptada en las familias, pero es un factor asociado a la mortalidad materna que sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en Nicaragua, Casi tres cuartas partes de estas muertes, como se avanzaba previamente, acontecen en áreas rurales y en su mayoría durante el postparto.
La clave de la prevención del embarazo está en garantizar que adolescentes y jóvenes tengan participación real, no sólo en cuanto a sus derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos, sino también dentro de la sociedad y la economía del país.
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